; Lundberg, W.O., J. Chim. The heat capacities and heat of crystallization of some isomeric aromatic compounds, Richards, W.T. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. Uber binare flussige Mischungen I. Mischungswarment, Volumseffekte und Zustandsdiagramme von chlorex mit benzol und n-alkylbenzolen, Is benzene solid or liquid? J. Data compilation copyright (August 2007). Prosen, E.J. ; Inglese, A.; Wilhelm, E., Zhur., 1986, 51(5), 789-795. (VIII. Faraday Soc., 1955, 51, 323-342. Monatsh. Bull. Thermodynam., 1993, 25(1), 41-50. MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. The aromatic compounds. Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100C. These include cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), quinine oxidoreductase (NQ01 or DT-diaphorase or NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1)), GSH, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 ; T = 93 to 300 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. ; Ganiev, Yu.A., Although benzene is a major industrial chemical, it finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity. Critically Evaluated Thermochemical Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Am. [17] Kekul's 1890 speech[41] in which this anecdote appeared has been translated into English. Res., 1931, NBS 6, 881-900. [all data], Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. Excess volumes and excess heaat capacitiies of some mixtures with trans,trans,cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene at 298.15K, Pure Benzene (C_6H_6) has a melting point of 5.5 degrees Celsius. [all data], Findenegg, Gruber, et al., 1965 The specific heats of binary mixtures, 1 lists the specific heats for various materials. [25] In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space.[26]. Sci. Benzene causes cancer in animals including humans. [all data], Ahlberg, Blanchard, et al., 1937 GSH is involved with the formation of phenylmercapturic acid. 2 C6H6 + 15 0212 CO2 + 6HO + 1562 kcal How much heat is given off when 877 g (one liter) of benzene reacts with oxygen? See also the following documents for changes in benzene properties with changes in pressure and temperature: See also more about atmospheric pressure, and STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure, as well as Thermophysical properties of: Acetone, Acetylene, Air, Ammonia, Argon, Butane, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Ethane, Ethanol, Ethylene, Helium, Hydrogen, Hydrogen sulfide, Methane, Methanol, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Pentane, Propane, Toluene, Water and Heavy water, D2O. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. For a given species, see the thermodynamic values below. Uchebn. The two were allowed to come to thermal equilibrium and the final temperature was 24.1C. 2o -889 .1791 162 basic lead carbonate 3pb 2c 8o 2h 0 163 benzene 6h 6c 143 .0317 164 benzotrifuroxane (btf) 6c 6o 6n 571 .0686 165 beryllium (non-reactive) 1u2 .0668 166 beryllium (pure crystaline) 1be .0668 167 beryllium borohydride 2b 1be 8h -666 .0218 168 beryllium hydride 1be 2h -399 0 169 . Benzene: Patient information sheet, "Drinking Water Contaminants | Organic Chemicals | Benzene", "Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations", "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction", "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure", "100 tonnes of pollutants spilled into Chinese river", "Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response", "A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site", Dept. [all data], Zhdanov, 1941 [all data], Andrews, Lynn, et al., 1926 Hydrogenation cannot be stopped to give cyclohexene or cyclohexadienes as these are superior substrates. In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekul published a paper in French (for he was then teaching in Francophone Belgium) suggesting that the structure contained a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. Int. Six-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another element: This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01. Get the detailed answer: What is the specific heat of benzene? There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. [43], In 1929, the cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods. 3 mtr circ Lifting strap 1 Ton x 1.5m EWL round sling Hoist, 30PCS 3/8-16x1-3/4" Allen Socket Head Cap Screws Bolts Alloy Coarse Black Oxide, Drive 6 Point Deep Impact Socket 55433 x 1/2 in Steelman 13/16 in, Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm, 1-Count Sharpie Twin-Tip . [88] The purpose of establishing an IDLH value is (1) to ensure that the worker can escape from a given contaminated environment in the event of failure of the respiratory protection equipment and (2) is considered a maximum level above which only a highly reliable breathing apparatus providing maximum worker protection is permitted. Benzene vapor is heavier than air. Trans. [65] More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene. Acad. Dokl. Organic Chemistry - Specific Name Reactions. [all data], Tanaka, 1985 Sometimes, xylenes and heavier aromatics are used in place of toluene, with similar efficiency. In some systems, even the benzene-to-xylenes ratio is modified to favor xylenes. Data compiled as indicated in comments: [all data], Tanaka, 1982 ; Simonov, V.M. The specific heats and latent heats of fusion of ice and of several organic compounds, Czech. Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. Chlorination is achieved with chlorine to give chlorobenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium tri-chloride. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Kooner, Z.S. In another human study, 30% of absorbed dermally applied benzene, which is primarily metabolized in the liver, was excreted as phenol in the urine. Thermodynam., 1991, 23, 25-30. J. Chem. K) ..g (K) | 1 mol All you need to do is convert the grams to moles. [30][37] Kekul used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening yearsnamely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivativenow understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitutionto argue in support of his proposed structure. [all data], Maass and Walbauer, 1925 Hydroquinone, benzenetriol and catechol are converted to polyphenols. C) Question: It takes 11.2 KJ of energy to raise the temperature of 145 g of benzene from 25.0C to 70.0C. [76] There is no safe exposure level; even tiny amounts can cause harm. The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. We don't save this data. Acad. [51], Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal. [all data], Tanaka, 1987 Monatsh. A method for the determination of the specific heats of liquids, and a determination of the specific heats of aniline and benzene over the approximate range 20C to 50C, [all data], Oliver, Eaton, et al., 1948 ; Shipova, V.A., Chem., 1987, 118, 1-18. Vesely, F.; Zabransky, M.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., [all data], Prosen, Johnson, et al., 1946 (TLV) for benzene to 0.02 ppm and reduce the 15 . Cyclohexane consumes around 10% of the world's benzene production; it is primarily used in the manufacture of nylon fibers, which are processed into textiles and engineering plastics. It is produced by the oxidation of benzene or n-butane in the presence of vanadium oxide catalysts. J. Chem. Am. Technology, Office of Data Benzene Formula:C6H6 Molecular weight:78.1118 IUPAC Standard InChI:InChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6HCopy IUPAC Standard InChIKey:UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-NCopy CAS Registry Number:71-43-2 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol fileor as a computed3d SD file The 3d structure may be viewed using Javaor Javascript. Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework. Further loss of hydrogen gives "fused" aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: The specific heats of certain organic liquids at elevated temperatures, Acta, 1967, 37, 200-208. Anal. ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., Obshchei Khim., 1934, 4, 1027-1033. ber das Verdampfungsgleichgewicht Benzol-1-2-Dichloraethan, Risk of ignition. Staveley, L.A.K. Temperature. Table 7.2. Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene. Reddy, K.S., J. ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., Short Commun. Soc., 1924, 46, 903-917. Thermodynam., 1988, 20, 1183-1189. Heat capacity of liquid benzene and hexafluorobenzene at atmospheric pressure, The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but its highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine. Physical State (20 deg.C) Liquid. Benzene itself can be measured in breath, blood or urine, but such testing is usually limited to the first 24 hours post-exposure due to the relatively rapid removal of the chemical by exhalation or biotransformation. [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes. What is the formula for specific heat? ; T = 322.05, 351.15 K. p = 0.1 MPa. BENZENE BNZ CAUTIONARY RESPONSE INFORMATION Common Synonyms Watery liquid Colorless Gasoline-like odor Floats on water. 1: With the help of a household iron This is one of the most common and easiest ways to unstuck vinyl print (letters or artwork) pressed on your tee. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. ; Daniels, A.C., J. [64], Four chemical processes contribute to industrial benzene production: catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking etc. J. Chem. [75][95], Genetic polymorphisms in these enzymes may induce loss of function or gain of function. Nitrobenzene is the precursor to aniline. ), pp. Tohoku Imp. As its toxicity became obvious, benzene was supplanted by other solvents, especially toluene (methylbenzene), which has similar physical properties but is not as carcinogenic. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? Diffuse through otherliquids 6. The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride. Mean specific heat in homologous series of binary and ternary positive azeotropes, With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations. For example, mutations in CYP2E1 increase activity and result in increased generation of toxic metabolites. The heat capacities, entropies and free energies of twelve aromatic hydrocarbons, Temp., 1983, 21(2), 270-275. Sci. The use of mixing calorimeter for measuring heat capacities of liquids, These intermediates and metabolites induce genotoxicity by multiple mechanisms including inhibition of topoisomerase II (which maintains chromosome structure), disruption of microtubules (which maintains cellular structure and organization), generation of oxygen free radicals (unstable species) that may lead to point mutations, increasing oxidative stress, inducing DNA strand breaks, and altering DNA methylation (which can affect gene expression). In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range. Phosgene. Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) revised the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentration for benzene to 500 ppm. 2. Ann. J. Chem. [all data], Kurbatov, 1947 To provide a mechanism for the conversion process, Kekul proposed that the valency of an atom is determined by the frequency with which it collided with its neighbors in a molecule. Except where noted otherwise, data relate to, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 04:18. ; Nagano, Y., Dejardin, G., Inter. In catalytic reforming, a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points between 60 and 200C is blended with hydrogen gas and then exposed to a bifunctional platinum chloride or rhenium chloride catalyst at 500525C and pressures ranging from 850 atm. : Molwarme des Systems 1,2-Dibromathan-Benzol, Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) InChI InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 InChI Key YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formula C8H10 SMILES CCc1ccccc1 Molecular Weight 1 106.17 CAS 100-41-4 Other Names .alpha.-methyltoluene Aethylbenzol Benzene, ethyl- EB Ethylbenzeen Ethylbenzol Etilbenzene Etylobenzen NCI-C56393 NSC 406903 Recko, W.M., More heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of benzene 1.C.C than to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1.C.C. It is probable that trying to dispose of benzene in this way will also break local, environmental rules. The current NIOSH definition for an IDLH condition, as given in the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, is one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment. This discovery led to the production of Sanka. The phase diagram of benzene is shown below the table. ; Temprado, M.; Chickos, J.S. [all data], Dejardin, 1919 Energy released when benzene converts from 100oC to 80oC (in this range it is gas as temperature>Boiling . Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid.
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