J Bacteriol. Generally, most bacilli are predominantly aerobic; however, B. licheniformis is a facultative anaerobe compared to . (Tasha Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 57: An unknown airborne environmental isolate on Mueller-Hinton agar. Subtilosin has proven antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms. The bacterium was subcultured by cutting a chunk of the agar containing the organism and placing it in the middle of a TSA plate then incubating for 1 week at 37 C. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 18: Kurthia morphology (Enlarged view). They are currently distributed in various commercial forms. (Tasha L. Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 49: Bacillus cereus colonial morphology. Morphology of Bacillus subtilis. The iso-lated microorganisms from sh samples were stored in 19. (Remco Kort, TNO, Netherlands), Figure 25: Bacillus subtilis morphology (Enlarged view). FIG. [6] Colonies tend to be cream-colored, but will turn red in the presence of iron in media, most likely as a result of pulcherrimin. A taxonomical approach shows that it is closely related to B. subtilis (Lapidus et al., 2002; Xu and Cte, 2003; Rey et al., 2004). Bacillus licheniformis at 37. It is a gram-positive, mesophilic bacterium. Bacillus cereus is an aerobic spore-forming bacterium that is commonly found in soil, on vegetables, and in many raw and processed foods. (3) Poovendran, P., Kalaigandhi, V., KamalaseKanan, V., Jamuna rani, E., Poongunran, E. A study of feather keratin degradation by Bacillus licheniformis and quantification of keratinase enzyme produced.Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research. Irregular form, lobate margin. The strain was identified as Bacillus licheniformis GL174 and its endophytic attitude was validated by plating surface-sterilized inoculated cuttings. Colonies are both round and irregular in shape, with irregular (undulate, fimbriate) margins. 10-day culture of Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. These bacteria are commonly known to cause food poisoning and food spoilage. Irregular form. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultivated on trypticase soy agar. 2003 Apr;69(4):2321-9. These spores are quite tolerant of heat, cold, radiation, and other environmental stresses. It is particularly effective against Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Shigella sonnei. Wilkinson, T. (4 July 4 2012). (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 17: Mycobacterium smegmatis morphology (Enlarged view). There is also research about the possibility that B. licheniformis causes changes in color in birds' feathers; this will provide information on the evolution of molting. (4) Salkinoja-Salonen S., Vuorio R., Andersson M.A., Kmpfer P., Andersson M.C., Honkanen-Buzalski T., and Scoging A.C. (6) Veith, B., Herzberg, C., Steckel, S., Feesche, J., Maurer, K. H., Ehrenreich, P., Bumer, S., Henne, A., Liesegang, H., Merkl, R., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. (2004). (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 23: Streptomyces albus morphology (Enlarged view). 2. ducks) are common carriers of this bacterium; it is mostly found around the bird's chest area and back plumage. In comparison to the mucoid phenotype, it contains an attenuated polysaccharide capsule. Bacillus subtilis PspoIIA-gfp viewed at low magnification. Bacillus subtilis can also degrade polyethylene (plastic polymers). The main objective of this study is to observe the phenol degradation performance by free and immobilized Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) in batch and continuous reactors, respectively. The results of this carbohydrate fermentation test read A. AG, AG, K B . Bacillus licheniformis at 22. The form of the colony is subdivided into following: Image 2:Elevation of the bacterial colony. As with the shape, bacteria colony is usually fairly circular. Colony morphology is a way of identifying bacteria. FIG. Bacillus globigii at 37. 6. . Species are identified by using morphologic and biochemical criteria. Partial isolate of an unknown organism on trypticase soy agar exhibiting spreading and mounding in an irregular-rhizoid form with lobate margins. Death kinetics, in this case, involves the intensity of heat treatments and their correlation with the rate of death of a bacterium. 427, U.S.D.A., Washington D.C. Buchanan R.E., Gibbons N.E., Cowan S.T., Holt J.G., Liston J., Murray R.G.E., Niven C.F., Ravin A.W., Stanier R.W. : #22892] Colony size: 5 - 8 mm: Information on culture and growth conditions Culture and growth conditions; Temperatures . FIG. FIG. 47. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 16: Streptomyces albus morphology (Enlarged view). (2018). (3). The bacterium is also used in the health and catering industries, especially when testing how clean certain work surfaces and materials are. FIG. The ability to turn waste feathers into feed would reduce feed costs and decrease the need for pollutants currently used to degrade these feathers [3]. Image 11: A colony of yeast on the agar plate. 24. TProbiotic dietary supplements are cheap to manufacture and do not require refrigeration when packaged in the form of spores. Five distinct stages of cell and colony morphology were observed from the visible colony edge to the center of the plate. Bacillus firmus. 56. Serratia marcescens colonial morphology. [13][15][16] Some isolates have also been found to be probiotic in humans (and are also commercially available),[13][17] but it's been mentioned that clinical trials have not been performed on many of them yet. B. cereus food poisoning may occur when foods are prepared . New York, Academic Press. Curtis, A. However, when paired with another bacteria called Pseudomonas aeruginosa both types of bacteria perform more efficiently. 29. Optimal growth of B. licheniformis occurs around 50C, but the organism can survive at much higher/lower temperatures for extended periods because it is spore-forming. . ducks) are common carriers of this bacterium; it is mostly found around the bird's chest area and back plumage. (Tasha Sturm and Marina Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 52: Unknown Fungal Isolate on Trypticase Soy Agar Exhibiting Small Round Colonies. The complete nucleotide sequence of B. licheniformis is ATCC 14580 genome which forms a circular chromosome of 4,222,336 base-pairs (bp) containing 4,208 predicted protein-coding genes with size averaging at 873 bp, 7 rRNA operons, and 72 tRNA genes. A colony is a visible mas of microorganism that originated from a single mother cell. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium that is commonly found in soil and bird feathers. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. An arrangement might be two (diplo) bacteria, chains (strepto), or palisades (side-to-side clusters), for example. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2022 LaboratoryInfo.com. Colony Characteristics. The culture was grown on trypticase soy agar (TSA) and incubated for 72 hours at 37oC. the colony characteristics under light microscope Bacillus subtilis, hay bacillus, or grass bacillus was one of the first Gram-positive bacteria to be studied. Irregular form, undulate margin. Filamentous form, weakly undulate margin. The majority of isolates fell into the Bacillus Bergey's Group A together with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. [5][6] It was initially named Clostridium licheniforme by H. Weigmann[7] and renamed Bacillus licheniformis by Frederick D. An unknown airborne environmental isolate on Mueller-Hinton agar exhibiting a single circular colony. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/bacillus-subtilis/. Sibakov M, Palva I: Eur J Biochem: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08594.x: 1984 * Metabolism Like all members of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is a rod-shaped bacterium that typically forms small clumps, short chains, or single cells. Its optimal growth temperature is around 50C, though it can survive at much higher temperatures. FIG. It also exhibits some hemolytic activity and is salt tolerant. The initial sample was obtained from a swab taken from the bottom of a shoe and incubated at 37 C for 48 hours. Picture Source: eurekabrewing.files.wordpress.com. Determinative Bacteriology, Eight Edition, The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore. FIG. Irregular form, lobate margin. Birds that tend to stay on the ground more than the air (i.e. Since this bacterium grows in alkaline conditions, it produces a desirable protease that can survive at high pH levels. 21. A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Bacillus licheniformis. Circular form. B. subtilis uses encompass research and partially-proven inclusion in dietary supplements. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 3: Streptomyces albus morphology (Enlarged view). It is also a facultative anaerobe. (5), Bacillus licheniformis is a spore-forming soil organism that contributes to nutrient cycling and has antifungal activity. This is typical of S. pneumoniae grown anaerobically. Isolation of Low-Molecular-Weight Fragments from the Soluble Mucopeptide. Biochemical Journal 106.1 1968. [20], Below is a list of differential techniques and results that can help to identify Bacillus licheniformis from other bacteria and Bacillus species.[27]. Irregular form, undulate margin. It is found primarily in soil and on birds that spend a majority of their time near the soil. Sinorhizobium meliloti cultivated on trypticase soy agar. 14. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 40: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). 53. Agriculture Handbook No. FIG. Irregular form, undulate margin. The genera Bacillus and Clostridium constitute the family Bacillaceae. Nocardia asteroides cultivated on trypticase soy agar. FIG. IDENTIFICATION AND TAXONOMY A. Overview Bacillus licheniformis is a ubiquitous bacterium thought to be of importance in the environment as a contributor to nutrient This page was last edited on 4 December 2015, at 17:43. Note the lemon-yellow colonies characteristic of this organism. 52. Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis are closely related species . An arrangement is a microbiological term that refers to species-specific bacteria communities. This protease is a desired ingredient in laundry detergent due to its ability to be used in low temperatures, which prevents shrinkage and fading colors. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 2: Staphylococcus aureus morphology (Enlarged view). 48. 37. 1. Arshine Questions and Answers about Bacillus Licheniformis.docx . Microorganisms such as bacteria grow on solid media in the form of a colony. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 7: Serratia marcescens morphology (Enlarged view). Bacitracin was primary identified after its activity was tested against some species of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Bacterial colonies are groups of cells belonging to a clone grown either on the surface of the gel-type solid or embedded in it to absorb the nutrients from it. Bacillus myoides at 22. (Tasha L. Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 47: Streak plate isolation of Micrococcus luteus on trypticase soy agar. Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. Filamentous margin. Irregular form. (Tasha Sturm and Marina Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 53: Unknown Organism Exhibiting Glossy Rhizoid Growth. FIG. around the bird's chest area and back plumage. The American Society for Microbiology Eight strains each of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were analyzed by using pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. (8). Bacteriocins can withstand broad fluctuations in temperature and slow the growth of or even destroy colonies of other types of bacteria. Elevation it pertains to the cross-sectional shape of the colony or side view of the colony such as: Margin It pertains to the magnified shape of the colonys edge which includes: Opacity it pertains to the characteristics of the colony such as: Image 5: Images of the bacterial colony with a varying degree of pigmentation. Once in the gut, these spores become active and colonize. Irregular form, lobate margin. Ten isolates were characterized by morphological, microscopic, biochemical, molecular, and physiological characteristics. Find out more here. [13], B. licheniformis also shows possible applications in bioremediation, biomineralization, and biofuels as more examples.[13]. [18] Natural genetic transformation is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterium to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombination. Consistency/texture The texture and consistency of the organism can be described as: Image 7: The different shapes of bacteria and the corresponding bacteria species. : #22892] Cell shape: rod-shaped [Ref. The sample was grown at 4C for one month. (2020, July 17). Keratinolytic activities of B. licheniformis could aid in converting this by-product into a useful protein source for animal feed. Two colonies of Bacillus licheniformis cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar. Isolation of Low-Molecular-Weight Fragments from the Soluble Mucopeptide. Biochemical Journal 106.1 1968. 2006 Nov;188(21):7500-11. In Gram-positive bacteria strains the peptidoglycan in the cell wall becomes purplish blue when stained by crystal violet. Independent.ie. Dubnau DA. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a ubiquitous soil and plant-associated bacterial species which shows structural and adaptative responses to the environment. [6][9] B. licheniformis is found in a wide variety of environments, but especially in soil and in the feathers of birds, where B. licheniformis degrades -keratin. 1 A). Reports about Bacillus licheniformis having detrimental effects on insect, avian, plant, and estuarine marine species are fortunately almost non-existent. Bacillus subtilis morphology describes rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that show up on both positive and negative Gram stain techniques. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 42: Serratia marcescens morphology (Enlarged view). Genome Biol. Irregular form, lobate margin. 30. They can grow as a white patch with a glossy surface. B. licheniformis can also cause food-borne gastro-enteritis, which is infection of the gut that can lead to a life threatening condition called septicaemia. Hughes, R. C. The Cell Wall of Bacillus Licheniformis N.C.T.C. Novozymes Biofungicide Green Releaf contains B. licheniformis strain SB3086 as an active main ingredient. Circular form. As Bacillus subtilis biofilms in worm intestines seem to lengthen the worms lifespan, many human users hope for the same effect. Pathogenesis The virulence factors of B anthracis are its capsule and three-component toxin, both encoded on plasmids. 2004;5(10):R77. FIG. Bacillus licheniformis has been reported from ventriculitis following the removal . Subtilin tends to work more effectively against Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. It causes bread spoilage, or more specifically, a condition called "ropy bread" (1). from wheat bread and strategy for their control by lactic acid bacteria. FIG. Corynebacterium xerosis cultivated on trypticase soy agar. Weakly irregular form. This protease prevents shrinkage and fading colors since it allows lower temperatures to be used, which in turn lowers energy use as well. This system uses DNA-based diagnostic tool to monitor fermentation processes such as the production of enzymes for Henkel laundry detergents. There are various types of bacteria and each type produces differently looking colonies. 10 cards. Macrophages are central cells in the immune response . Bacillus Subtilis: Morphology, Functions and Role in Disease Management. These results have contributed to new biodegradation techniques for sewage and wastewater treatment, helping to develop a process known as bioaugmentation. J Bacteriol. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 24: Bacillus subtilis morphology (Enlarged view). Wastewater must have its pH normalized, have lower chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations, and be free of excess chloride. Bacillus licheniformis is a hardy probiotic which is commonly combined with other Bacillus bacteria for optimal probiotic effects. Required fields are marked *. | Privacy Policy, Terms of Use and State Disclosures. https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Microorganism_Bacillus_licheniformis&oldid=118532, Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College. Circular form, entire margin. Current research try to find the "death kinetics" (2) of these bacteria. FIG. Core proteins were identified in draft genomes and a phylogenetic analysis based on single amino acid polymorphisms . 35. A. FIG. Where is Bacillus species found? In the present study, CotA laccase was cloned from Bacillus licheniformis ZOM-1 and expressed in Escherichia coli. 3. B. licheniformis is also known to cause food poisoning in humans; especially high in contamination rates are products such as raw milk, dairy, vegetables, processed baby foods, and cooked meats. of B. licheniformis used for the production of a hydrolase enzyme (P87-1511), and two recombinant strains for production of alpha-amylase (P89-1071, and P92-50). It is a visible mass of microorganism that originates from a single mother cell. [6][10] There is evidence that red feathers, with psittacofulvin, are more resistant to degradation. Genome Biol. The Gram stain, named after its developer Hans Christian Gram, is a method of morphologic identification. This is the first report of an Alternaria toxin-degrading . (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 6: Lactobacillus plantarum morphology (Enlarged view). 50. This rigidity helps to maintain the rod shape of the cell and can withstand high intracellular pressure. As these bacteria extract carbon and produce heat, the plastic polymers slowly degrade. ducks) are common carriers of this bacterium; it is mostly found Flat elevation. Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, is a gram-positive, spore-forming rod, with colonies exhibiting a unique ground-glass appearance, and lacking hemolysis and motility.In addition to these phenotypes, several others traits are characteristic of B. anthracis such as susceptibility to gamma phage, the presence of two virulence plasmids (pX01 and pX02), and specific . B. subtilis contains only one double-stranded DNA molecule contained within a circular chromosome. 43. Bacillus megaterium produce a polypeptide capsule - diversity of metabolic types and nutritional requirements (psychrophiles, mesophiles - majority, and thermophiles; as well as alkalophilic, neutrophilic, and acidophilic) - grow well on blood agar medium, frequently are b-haemolytic - some species are producers of antibiotics Endospores Circular form, convex elevation, entire margin. when cultured together.Bacillus pumilus: colonies on agar smooth and slightly yellowish; can not grow anaerobically; can not hydrolyze starch; can not reduce nitrate. Partial isolate of an unknown organism on trypticase soy agar exhibiting spreading and an irregular-rhizoid form with lobate margins. Endospores allow the organism to survive in a variety of harsh environments (high salt concentrations, for example) until conditions are more favorable, when it returns to a vegetative state. Epub 2006 Aug 25. A circular chromosome is typical of bacteria, mitochondria, and plant chloroplasts. Scientists have successfully used Bacillus subtilis bacteriocins to treat diabetic foot ulcers. (2) Salkinoja-Salonen S., Vuorio R., Andersson M.A., Kmpfer P., Andersson M.C., Honkanen-Buzalski T., and Scoging A.C. Toxigenic Strains of Bacillus licheniformis Related to Food Poisoning.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 ). This sample was obtained from a floor swab and incubated at 37C. They are often beta-hemolytic. Non-typical Bacillus strains may be very small and spore formation often fails to occur. FIG. 8. (Tasha Sturm and Marina Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 54: Unknown Organism Exhibiting Rhizoid Growth. Nonmucoid strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae cultivated on sheep blood agar. Bacillus megaterium at 22. There are concerns regarding the safety of this fungicide. Three unknown isolates from this study (BLAST <95% match) and three "uncultured Bacillus" clones of isolates . A. Bacillus licheniformis B. Bacillus megaterium C. Bacillus globigii D. Bacillus mycoides 39. (6) Veith, B., Herzberg, C., Steckel, S., Feesche, J., Maurer, K. H., Ehrenreich, P., Bumer, S., Henne, A., Liesegang, H., Merkl, R., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. (2004) The complete genome sequence of Bacillus licheniformis DSM13, an organism with great industrial potential. Bacillus species can be either obligate aerobes which are dependent on oxygen, or facultative . Independent.ie. Endospore formation is actually desired and serves as a great example of prokaryotic development and differentiation. FIG. Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. Since it can grow in alkaline conditions, it produces a protease that can survive at high pH levels. The pigment is opaque white-beige with a mucoid surface towards the center of the colony and a matte surface towards the edges. Under good conditions, the spores will germinate and produce vegetative cells. The sample was obtained from a floor and incubated at 37C for 48 hours. It is also often found on feathers of ground-dwelling and aquatic species of birds. It is found on bird feathers, especially chest and back plumage, and most often in ground-dwelling birds (like sparrows) and aquatic species (like ducks ). It is believed that this bacterium is involved in the evolution of molting and patterns of color in birds due to its feather degrading capability. The colony appears mucoid under the raised rhizoid growth. and Cornell N. Protoplast Lysis and Inhibition of Growth of Bacillus licheniformis by Bacitracin. (Remco Kort, TNO, Netherlands), Figure 28: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). What is a colony? Bacillus anthracis. Circular form, entire margin. Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. FIG. METABOLIC PROPERTIES Another use of B. subtilis is in wastewater treatment. Streptomyces albus cultivated on nutrient agar. Dairy products are at increased risk of being contaminated with toxin-producing isolates of B. licheniformis. Also, cultures of B. licheniformis are made to retain its protease, which is in turn used in laundry detergent. Identify the organism by its colony morphology. While current research into intravenous, intranasal, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous bacteriocin drugs is still in the testing phase, these intracellular antibacterial agents have already arrived on supermarket shelves as B. subtilis-containing probiotic drinks or pills. Bacillus subtilis PabrB-gfp after 14 days viewed at high magnification. Colony morphology of an organism is necessary for its identification. The GC content is 46.2% and no plasmids were detected. Colonies have a sticky consistency when manipulated with a loop. LaboratoryInfo.com does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This bacterium can survive harsh environments by turning into spore-form; when conditions are good, it will turn back into a vegetative state. (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 14: Pasteurella multocida morphology (Enlarged view). FIG. These strains can grow in media with 5-40% NaCl concentrations. ; The cells of B. subtilis are Gram-positive motile rods that form ellipsoidal to cylindrical spores present centrally or paracentrally in the swollen sporangia. Epub 2004 Sep 13. 2. It was found in the fetal stomach contents showing it was able to enter the bloodstream of the adult and cross the placenta to a bovine fetus. (Tasha L. Sturm, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA), Figure 51: Unknown Organism Exhibiting Mounding Growth. Although B. licheniformis often occurs in high numbers in these foods, it's presence is not usually regulated in contrast to B. cereus, which is credited with most food poisoning incidents by the Bacillus species. Gerardi, M. (2016). Statistical analysis with canonical variates gave four well-separated groups, which represented the four species. Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium that is commonly found in soil and bird feathers. Can grow on MacConkey agar and Simmons' citrate agar. There are increased concerns regarding microbial contaminations, from such bacteria as E. coli and B. licheniformis, when it comes to food processing. 54. Color is whitish and may become brown. confidence and trust with respect to the information we collect from you on FIG. FIG. The pigment is opaque white-beige with a mucoid surface towards the center of the colony and a matte surface towards the edges. Food poisoning can cause cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and fatalities by B. licheniformis toxins, though rare, have been reported. Simultaneous degradation of cypermethrin and its metabolite, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, by the cooperation of Bacillus licheniformis B-1 and Sphingomonas sp. B. licheniformis exhibits antimicrobial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. 12. It is sold under the name Alcalase by Novozymes. Bacillus licheniformis forms spores in soil. B. licheniformis is part of the subtilis group along with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus. It is found on bird feathers, especially chest and back plumage, and most often in ground-dwelling birds (like sparrows) and aquatic species (like ducks). (Bryan MacDonald, Christopher Adams, and Kyle Smith, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 29: Unknown isolate morphology (Enlarged view). Biologydictionary.net, July 17, 2020. https://biologydictionary.net/bacillus-subtilis/. (4, 6, 7, and 8). As mentioned, Bacillus licheniformis is commonly found on bird feathers; by fermentation with B. licheniformis, the large amounts of non-digestible proteins found in the feathers can turn into a feather meal for livestock. exhibit large, flat colonies on non-selective media. Unknown isolate cultivated on trypticase soy agar. This gives researchers a lot of material to work with in the race to produce a bacteriocide that pathogenic bacteria do not become resistant to. There are often comma shaped projections from the colony edge producing a "Medusa-head" colony. Phylum Firmicutes, Class Bacilli, Order Bacillales, Family Bacillaceae, Genus Bacillus. FIG. Colonies are round to irregular in shape, 2-4 mm in diameter, with margins varying from undulate to fimbriate. In the identification of bacteria and fungi much weight is placed on how the organism grows in or on media. White hyphal growth on the outer edges of the colony followed by: concentric rings of green grainy spore formation with exudate (water droplets resulting from respiration); white grainy spore formation; and finally a pinkish center. 2004;5(10):R77. FIG. Bacillus licheniformis has been found to cause infection in several cases of immunocompromised patients. The death kinetics for B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 spores in cloudberry jam was examined under ohmic heat inactivation and conventional heat inactivation. (Richard A. Robison, Gable Moffitt, Neal Thomson, and Marissa Cohen, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT), Figure 31: Thiomonas-like bacteria morphology (Enlarged view). It is also often found on feathers of ground-dwelling and aquatic species of birds.