weather predictions for summer 2022 uk

A high-pressure system is indicated over western Europe, with a low-pressure area over northern Europe. Made In Chelsea's original stars now from heartbreaking addiction to royal connection, After delighting audiences with tears, tantrums and plenty of drama - we take a closer look at where the stars of Made in Chelsea are now from glittering music careers to baby joy, Emmerdale's Paddy Kirk star Dominic Brunt's life before fame from welding to zombie films. We are only forecasting trends and how the weather patterns are evolving on a large scale and over longer time periods. The North American multi-model ensemble forecast (NMME) also shows the same anomalies developing over Summer. Our famous extended weather predictions can be used to make more informed decisions about future plans that depend on the weather, from vacations and weddings to sporting events and outdoor activities. This is echoed by the long-range forecast from the Met Office, which suggests a hot summer is twice as likely as usual, with a greater chance of heatwaves. Also, if you have seen this article in the Google App (Discover) feed, click the like button () there to see more of our forecasts and our latest articles on weather and nature in general. A range of seasonal models are available. The far southern and southeastern United States however does feature a weaker anomaly zone, similar to the historical La Nina summer pattern. Knowing now what to expect from the La Nina in Summer, we can take a look at the latest long-range forecast trends. The official Summer precipitation forecast is quite similar to the model forecast and historical data. That may point to an increased chance of settled weather in the late summer. Devastating wildfires hit parts of Europe and Australia linked to hot. Showers and thunderstorms may bring the totals up across the east, south and south-east. Thats no surprise, considering the last eight years are on track to be the eight hottest on the books, according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The state of the El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has significant impact on temperature and rainfall patterns around the globe. It is driven by the temperature difference between the cold polar regions and the warmer tropics. Next year is expected to mark 10 consecutive years with global average temperatures at least 1 degree Celsius higher than the average during the preindustrial period. Lower confidence is attached to rainfall levels, but the possibility of it being drier than average is weakly favoured. Wheat production could be hit and high consumption of electricity is likely to cause an energy crunch. But the rest of the continent is expected to be drier than normal, creating likely drought scenarios over the continent. For example, in recent summers there have been several intense bursts of heat despite rather mixed conditions dominating. We welcome all press enquiries, whether relating to this news feature, or seeking comment on other weather news. 2) La Nina conditions are not expected to favour a particular outcome. In the North Pacific, we can see a warm pool developed, with a cold horseshoe pattern along the west coast of North America. Latest trends show that this La Nina phase will continue into the Winter of 2022/2023. The cold ENSO phase is called La Nina and the warm phase is called El Nino. Almanac Weather Outlook for February 28th United States The exception is Scandinavia, which will be close to the low-pressure zone and the polar jet stream. The state of the El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has significant impact on temperature and rainfall patterns around the globe. Hopefully our preliminary UK Summer Weather Forecast 2022 will give you the heads up! In that year the top temperature recorded was 29.7C in East Bergholt, Suffolk. Lower heights to the west of the United Kingdom and higher heights to the east and south-east of the UK. 2022 Arctic summer and spring - Coldest on Record / Sign up for Verge Deals to get deals on products we've tested sent to your inbox daily. But there is still a pattern in this otherwise straightforward forecast. "Next year the natural and temporary braking effect of La Nia will wane. Blazing sunshine will be driven by a plume of hot air sweeping in from Italy and France. 2022 Greenland summer of 2022 Gained the Most Ice and Snow - In History Full Report - here 2. The November update to the C3S suite of seasonal prediction systems, each weather model's seasonal predictions charts in the link below, shows a strong cross-model support for anomalous high pressure near or over Europe. The next extended seasonal forecast release is coming in February 2022, which will give a much better picture of what to expect for the next Fall . It had looked as though wed be heading into a chilly and damp period after mid-month. 4) Recent climatology favours above average temperatures and an increased chance of hot spells. Select a destination to see more weather parameters. Especially in the south-central United States, there is a high-confidence forecast for a drier summer. In contrast to the European models, we now use the main North American long-range model, the CFS version 2 from the NOAA/NCEP in the United States. A warmer than average summer is favoured. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. This is suggestive of a drier-than-normal winter for the UK, especially in the first half winter. Find out what conditions are expected in the UK this season in our long range forecast. The Met Office defines a heatwave as three or more consecutive days and nights of extreme heat. Again, the Met Office's long range forecast is in agreement with this, noting a 75% chance the season will be near average in terms of rainfall. The global temperature anomalies show the main warm anomaly region over the northern half of the United States and southern Canada. Accuweather is predicting 16 to 20 named storms of which 6 to 8 become hurricanes. You can unsubscribe at any time. But most of the northwestern and central United States is forecast to have a drier summer season. This may include adverts from us and 3rd parties based on our understanding. James Madden, forecaster for Exacta Weather, said: The overall summer forecast is now pointing towards at least four or five major heatwaves. The predictions possibly favour an increased chance of settled weather in the UK during the late summer. Well, on Monday and Tuesday, the "plausible" becomes reality - 28 years early. What is this gigantic hole that has appeared in the fields of Turkey? La Nia is one of the extreme phases of theEl Nio-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) recurring climate pattern. We also may change the frequency you receive our emails from us in order to keep you up to date and give you the best relevant information possible. We use your sign-up to provide content in ways you've consented to and to improve our understanding of you. You are subscribed to push notifications. Unable to establish your approximate location. The weather predictions for summer 2022 are in, Weatherman Dave had good and bad news for Holly and Phil, Dave says the best dates for your diary are likely to be in July. Over North America, the United States shows drier conditions over much of the central and northwestern United States. Meteorologists had forecasted a cold spell on the horizon for the UK, with nobody predicting the African plume would bring a warm spell to Britain. On balance there are suggestions of it being drier than average in the south. "Re: Winter 2022/2023 General Chat Post by KTtom Wed Feb 15, 2023 3:41 pm" . But in this forecast, the secondary high-pressure anomaly is sitting more to the west, over the northern United States and southern Canada, compared to the ECMWF. NOAA is predicting a 60% chance of an above-normal season, a 30% chance of a near-normal season and a 10% chance of a below-normal season. A secondary high-pressure area is found over the northeastern United States as we have seen in the La Nina signal graphic earlier above. In contrast, air rises in the western Pacific, causing clouds and a lot of rainfall in the western Pacific. It extends into the western/northern United States. Looking closer at the latest ocean temperature anomalies in this region, we can see a very similar if not the same pattern. There will still be cold fronts and severe weather events over central regions. But as the anomalies tend to strengthen over Fall, this is a healthy case for an El Nino Winter of 2023/2024 in the works. "UK long range weather forecast Saturday 4 Mar - Monday 13 Mar The most likely scenario for Saturday is of a band of fragmented slight showers making some progress into . Plus, its an average for the entire planet some regions have been hit much harder by climate change than others. The Autumnal Indian Summer is set to end the hottest year the UK has ever experienced, Daily Star reports. Several forecasts for the 2022 hurricane season have been issued. Some of it is due to the model averaging/bias and the long lead time. So without further ado, I bring to you this years UK Summer weather forecast. Rising temperatures are predicted to lead to devastating effects on humans and nature, including more drought, desertification and heat-related illness. But take note of the temperature pattern in the Ocean. That region is under the influence of the high-pressure system over the area. heatwaves UK weather Climate crisis Met Office UK. It also warns of 'impacts from. The anomalies in the table may not be telling the complete story. Or by navigating to the user icon in the top right. Hurghada at the Beginning of February During the first ten days of the month, the mornings are mild - with a temperature of around 17 C. Then, over the hours, the thermometer gradually climbs to provide a pleasant warmth once the sun is at its peak. This would . The culprit for the chaos is an extremely distorted jet stream, whose exaggerated loops and cut-offs have out-foxed the various computer models in recent dayssomething we might have to get used to as we head towards winter. It shows cold ocean anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean, with the peak in the enso 4 region. Britain is set to experience "freakishly-hot" temperatures ahead of Halloween as an "African plume" will push the mercury up to 23C (73F), forecasters say. Or by navigating to the user icon in the top right. Next week warmer weather will develop with lower pressure anchored to the west of the United Kingdom in the Atlantic. Alongside the increased chance of warmer temperatures, the ECMWF's charts are forecasting precipitation levels that are fairly typical for the summer season. Similar to the historical La Nina pattern as well. Below we have the latest drought analysis from NOAA, which shows the current drought conditions across the United States. I now foresee rumours of an Indian Summer next week., Get email updates with the day's biggest stories. The transition from spring to summer will be stormy in many areas of the United States, especially along the East Coast and Great Lakes regions, where we are predicting some big thunderstorms. Wednesday is predicted to be the hottest day at around 22C. However, the highest temperature recorded during summer 2021 was 32.2C which is significantly lower than the six years preceding it. Afrikaans; Alemannisch; Anarkiel; ; ; Aragons; ; Arpetan; ; Asturianu; Avae'; ; Aymar aru For August were really pushing it in terms of long range forecasting so theres less certainty with regards to August. This means that were likely to see some longer spells of warmer weather with high pressure in charge and the risk of further plumes of much warmer air moving up from the near continent. This period covers the meteorological summer and is the peak of the warm season. Analysis suggests that La Nina summers have a tendency to produce drier than average summers in the mid-Atlantic. 2023 is already forecast to be hotter than 2022, marking a decade of unprecedented human-induced climate change. But the rest of the continent is expected to be drier than normal, with a likely active storm season in central parts of the continent. After a pleasant weekend ahead sees temperatures lift to around 20C, the mercury will simmer to flash point. The overall synoptic trend for May after an unsettled spell of weather next week is for high pressure to be over or close by to the United Kingdom bringing drier and generally settled weather. Visit the annual Paris Book Fair (moved to April) Celebrate St Patrick's Day on the 17th of March. NOAA is predicting a 60% chance of an above-normal season, a 30% chance of a near-normal season and a 10% chance of a below-normal season. weather for july 2022 ireland. 2013 - 5.2C - We begin to see temperature . Temperatures for much of England and Wales have been around average to slightly above. This weekend will be pleasantly warm, although we are expecting temperatures to reach around 18C to 20C.. The most recent ECMWF extended seasonal forecast actually shows the developing warm phase (El Nino), starting in late Summer 2022. June is predicted to be another wash out, with heavy rain and wet weather predicted to hit the UK. The world has already warmed by around 1.1C compared to the period before the Industrial Revolution in 1750-1900 when humans began burning large amounts of fossil fuels, releasing warming gases into the atmosphere. Predictions suggest it will be the 10th year in a row the global temperature is at least 1C above average. As well as setting a new 139-year annual mean temperature record, 2022 will also be . They are suggesting above average levels of activity. The latter is partly due to the recent major sudden stratospheric warming event, which increases the risk of easterly winds in early March and may result in some cold impacts in the next week or two, possibly with frost and snow. May temperatures: Average to slightly above. A huge range of charts and data is freely available. These will build throughout the summer months, but at the moment, August looks the most likely to bring these blasts of very hot weather. June is expected to be a month of settled weather with temperatures above average being indicated. Cold weather to arrive this weekend, bringing wintry showers to Scotland, Nanoplastics now ubiquitous in air, water and soil, says new report. Monday is forecasted to be the beginning of the warm run, which will last for up to six days. High pressure continues to dominate through the weekend, probably into the early part of next week and maybe even beyond.. In the pressure pattern forecast from ECMWF below, we can see a La Nina high-pressure system present in the North Pacific. We can see that typical high pressure in the North Pacific ocean. The low-pressure area over northern Europe can send occasional cold fronts down from the north, increasing convective activity (storms). At conservative gathering, Trump is still the favourite. However it is important to remember that their skill level (accuracy) for the UK is low. Several forecasts for the 2022 hurricane season have been issued. In 2020, the @metoffice produced a hypothetical weather forecast for 23 July 2050 based on UK climate . Normal to wetter conditions are expected mostly over far northern Europe. It also warns of impacts from heatwaves through the next three months with only a 10-per cent chancer of a cooler than average season. The chart below shows the heights anomaly for next week. This doesn't necessarily mean that heatwaves and hot weather will occur, simply that there is an increased chance. The temperatures in England in July are comfortable with low of 57 F and and high up to 71 F. You can expect about 3 to 8 days of rain in England during the month of July. The Met Offices three-month outlook published at the start of May predicts the probability of hot weather this summer to be double that of normal years. The chances of a scorching summer are heating up, say forecasters Met Office predicts more frequent spells of hot weather in June and July as Britain is set to be warmer than southern Europe. They are for the meteorological summer as a whole and there is a chance that extreme swings are cancelling each other out to an extent. The next update will be issued in mid-May. Above-average temperatures are also forecast for the northeastern United States and over central and eastern Canada. Precipitation amounts across the longer range models and signals vary but the general trend or signal is for average to above average amounts of rainfall. UK weather long-range forecast: Britain braced for scorching April HEATWAVE - 28C expected THE UK is braced for a heatwave in April, as a weather forecaster has said temperatures could. We could see temperatures nudge past the mid-20Cs towards 26C in the run up to mid-month. The plume of warm air from Africa will set 2022 as the hottest year on record for Britain, with January to September the hottest first nine months of the year since 1884, the year the Met Office records began. Below we have the latest global ocean anomalies, revealing the cold region in the tropical Pacific. 2012 - 3.3C - slightly colder than average at 0.4C less than usual temperatures. 's daily newsletter. Sun-lovers should get t-shirts and sun cream ready for the first red-hot blast towards the end of next week. Accuweather is predicting 16 to 20 named storms of which 6 to 8 become hurricanes. So make sure to bookmark our page. 2023 BBC. Anywhere. Scotland Weather forecast for Thursday, March 2, 2023. A change late month and to start August. The predictions possibly favour an increased chance of settled weather in the UK during the late summer. Video, Russian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, What climate change will look like in your area. The El Nio/Southern Oscillation has a major influence on climate patterns in various parts of the world. Forecasting in the United Kingdom isnt as simple as some might think. Click the Notify Me! With meteorological summer 2022 upon us, find out what the weather has in store for the UK with our long range weather forecast, along with a summary of this season's astronomical events. After persisting into its third winter, this La Nia will most likely come to a close by April next year. The Southern United States also has a warmer summer signal. Whilst weve seen some rainfall across southern areas throughout this week, many areas have seen very little in the way of amounts. The UK spring weather forecast 2022; The UK spring weather forecast 2022. The Spaniard is said to have an agreement with Blaugrana for transfer after the end of the season. Read about our approach to external linking. The temperatures in Hurghada in February are comfortable with low of 62 F and and high up to 71 F. As it is almost never rain during . EastEnders fans were left heartbroken as Whitney Dean delivered her daughter after deciding to terminate her pregnancy following the baby's Edwards' Syndrome diagnosis, Emmerdale fans 'work out' which character returns to save Paddy Kirk after suicide plan, Emmerdale left viewers devastated during Thursday's episode as Paddy Kirk continued to struggle with his mental health, and they're now hoping a beloved character should return to help, James Jordan waiting for Strictly Come Dancing to call 'when they want an honest judge', EXCLUSIVE: Former Strictly Come Dancing fireball James Jordan believes he'd make a fabulous addition to the prestigious judging panel and is "waiting for the phonecall", Angela Bassett to Viola Davis - Black women who changed showbiz for the better, These black actresses have made their mark in showbiz and beyond - from supporting LGTQ+ to Black Lives Matter, we look at celeb milestones from Laverne Cox to Jennifer Hudson, Meghan and Prince Harry 'are OK about leaving Frogmore Cottage, source says, Prince Harry and Meghan Markle "are OK about leaving Frogmore Cottage" a source has claimed after the couple was evicted from the estate shortly after the release of Spare, 'Sam Fairs got stick for flying first class but she deserves it! Overall, it's a positive outlook if you're seeking some summer warmth this year, but for regular updates as conditions change it'll be well worth staying up to date with our forecasts. This summer flew by for most of us leaving us ready to start making plans for next year. The temperatures in England in June are usually low and can range between 51F and 66F. August precipitation: Above average rainfall, especially in the north and north-west UK Summer forecast 2022 - Conclusion Overall a decent summer to come. 2011 - 4.5C - much milder at 0.8C over average. This means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. That effect is now predicted to end, bringing warmer conditions in parts of the Pacific and leading to the global temperature being warmer than in 2022. According to the Met Office the long-range forecast for Tuesday 14 to Thursday 23 June says the weather will initially be changeable with rain or showers in the northern and western areas of the UK. But it generally has a temporary cooling effect on the globe as a whole. You can sign up at the top of the page. Seasonal forecasting focuses on large-scale pressure systems and the jet stream positioning with the weather pattern. This is a negative PDO pattern and is an important factor in weather development. But some parts of the world such as the Arctic are warming at a faster rate than average. This is now the second model that basically shows a hot and dry summer for the central United States and also further up into the Midwest. The city also hosts the annual Clearwater Jazz Holiday. Dr Mark McCarthy of the Met Offices National Climate Information Centre said: It was the warmest year so far up to the end of September, with each month since January being warmer than average. Netweather forecaster Nick Finnis said: Some computer models show 22C or 23C by midweek, bringing an Indian Summer. 3) The latest 2022 Atlantic Hurricane season forecasts continue to suggest above average levels of activity. That is the warmer airmass under the secondary high-pressure anomaly. Temporarily hot and dry period possible, but stormy patterns will be leading, with possible pressure troughs above NW Europe and Baltic region. Warm anomalies also extend over much of southern and eastern Canada. July 19, 2022 3:02 pm (Updated July 21, 2022 9:27 am) Temperatures have reached 40C for the first time on record in the UK, with 40.2C provisionally recorded at London Heathrow, the Met Office . This will be followed by the Full Buck Moon on 13 July, and the Full Sturgeon Moon on 12 August. Notice the waveforms across the region, as the surface waters are being pushed west by the trade winds. Let's take a look Claudia Fogarty's famous relatives break silence after her Love Island exit, Claudia Fogarty is one of the latest contestants to be dumped from the Love Island villa, and her famous relatives have now broken their silence on her exit from the show, EastEnders fans in tears as Whitney cradles baby in tragic early labour scenes, Trigger warning: baby loss. India witnessed the hottest February in more than a century. You have to trust me.". It is that time of the year when summer is on peoples minds. Devastating wildfires hit parts of Europe and Australia linked to hot weather, and Pakistan and India sweltered with temperatures reaching 51C in May. Weather expert Dave made the predictions on This Morning where he joined Holly Willoughby and Phillip Schofield billed at the weather guru. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Warm anomalies are also forecast over much of Canada, peaking in the central and eastern regions. The state of the El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has. Reduced rainfall is likely to combine with the following inputs to also favor a warmer than normal summer: Rainfall deficits in the spring, particularly during May and June, strongly correlate with warmer than normal summer temperatures. High pressure driven by the jet stream arching north of the UK will boost the hot spell, he said. ET. The Met Office predicts 2022 will be among the warmest years on record - though it will be cooler than some fairly recent years. While sun-lovers can finally welcome the first glimpses of summer this weekend, the following weekend will be the time to fire up the barbecues, he added. Click the Notify Me! Dominic Brunt joined the cast of ITV soap Emmerdale back in 1997 in the role of Paddy Kirk, but before becoming a soap star he had a very different career. The image below from NOAA Climate shows the typical circulation during a negative ENSO ocean event (La Nina). Above average temperatures for June and July, below average precipitation with temperatures around average to slightly below in August. Typically, the first influence of these ocean anomalies can be seen in the changing jet stream. The latest forecast cycle shows a strong La Nina signal in the weather patterns. Most of the western and south-central United States is expected to have a hotter summer than normal. Through this process, ENSO has a direct impact on the tropical convection patterns and thus on the ocean-atmosphere system. We typically use the ECMWF first, as is often referred to as the most reliable model for long-range forecasting. Combined with the strong warm temperature anomalies for the south-central United States, so far this looks to be a hot and dry Summer development for south-central states and further up into the Midwest. In the image below you can see a simplified visualization of the global jet stream. We are only forecasting trends and how the weather patterns are evolving on a large scale and over longer time periods. There is a signal for rainfall amounts to be below the average. This will have a regional effect on the weather development in the eastern United States and eastern Canada. If reading image descriptions is confusing, we have put together a simple Summer forecast summary: Europe is expected to have warmer/hotter than average summer over much of the continent, except for parts of northern and northwestern Europe. Over Europe, the high-pressure anomaly is forecast over central Europe, and a potential low-pressure zone to the north, like in the previous two models. Through July and August, there are no indications of anything out of the ordinary for the UK, suggesting a regular pattern of dry, settled conditions interrupted by more showery, unsettled periods. As always you can unsubscribe at any time. After a spring season in the UK that was the fifth warmest on record and featured about a quarter less rainfall than average, summer has now arrived. 2022 will be the warmest year on record for the UK, according to provisional Met Office figures. 4) Recent climatology continues to favour above average temperatures and an increased chance of hot spells. A look at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) charts currently shows an increased chance of above average temperatures across the UK, for the months of June, July and August. The National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center released its latest three-month outlook for May through July on Thursday, showing equal chances of either above or below-average. This year, Ive used various long range models and signals to come to my preliminary conclusion for UK Summer 2022. Categories Long range / seasonal forecast. "The overall summer forecast is now pointing towards at least four or five major heatwaves. Spokesman Alex Apati said: The odds suggest record-breaking temperatures could well be on the cards as we prepare to strap in and strip off for a summer scorcher.". To the many of you that have followed me since the beginning, you should know by now that I say it as it is. Another high-pressure system is over Europe, with a low-pressure area over Greenland and the North Atlantic. Temperatures in 2023 are forecast to be between 1.08C and 1.32C above the pre-industrial average. Picture. The main regions are 3 and 4 and cover a large part of the tropical Pacific. Being an Island with the Atlantic to the west of us the North Sea to the east of us and the Irish sea sandwiched in between, it does give us some rather interesting and varied weather conditions throughout our seasons. But parts of the southwestern and eastern United States, and eastern Canada have a higher chance of wetter conditions. forecast for summer 2022 uk. COPS have arrested an 18-year-old woman and three others after a man in his 20s was stabbed. The polar jet stream is more important during the cold season, while the subtropical jet stream plays a bigger role also during the warm season. On balance there are suggestions of it being drier than average. In 2022 temperature records were broken in numerous parts of the world, including in the UK which recorded above 40C. Police were called to Raikes Road in Preston at around 6.25pm following a report of an attack. North Americas summer forecast looks to be hot and dry. Let's take a brief look at average winter temperatures in the UK over the past decade: 2010 - 1.6C - The coldest winter for over 30 years. ( google map ) 5 feeder pigs available, Yorkshire crosses, $100 each, born Dec 11 . George at Asda bring back must-have 22 coat that now comes in eight colours, Yankee Candles are now down to half price at Argos so you can pick up two for the price of one, Too Faced Lip Injection glosses have over 60M TikTok views - we put one to the test, Biggest skincare trends for your best skin ever, from collagen banking to microdosing, Holly and Phil pay tribute to 'amazing' This Morning guest Heather Bone after her tragic death, Britain to be hotter than Portugal before heavy rain arrives later in September, Love Island's Claudia Fogarty's transformation as she looks unrecognisable with red hair, Claudia Fogarty is one of the contestants hoping to find love on the winter series of Love Island and before going on the show, she experimented with lots of different looks, Love Island 2023's biggest transformations from Jessie's makeover to Olivia's new look, Every year transformations from the cast of Love Island get posted online with many being open and honest about the work they've had done before stepping into the villa, Celebrity brides' rarely seen second wedding dresses including Jacqueline Jossa's gown, From sweeping trains to princess skirts, we take a closer look at some of the stunning second wedding gowns donned by our favourite celebrity brides over the years, Billie Shepherd's Phillip Schofield remarks explained as she brands This Morning star 'b****y', TOWIE star Billie Shepherd revealed on her podcast that she was disappointed at how her homeware collection Chapter B for Next was portrayed by the This Morning host, Love Island's Samie Elishi's transformation as she looks 'so different' with short hair, Samie Elishi is one of the contestants hoping to find love on the Winter Series of Love Island and before going on the show, she experimented with lots of different looks, 'Baby formula is so expensive the government need to help mums', says Frankie Essex, EXCLUSIVE: TOWIE star and first time mum Frankie Essex speaks out on life as a parent to baby twins in her OK!

Importance Of Pivoting In Netball, Marlin No 20 Pump 22 Parts, Paul Warburg One World Government, How Many Blueberries Can A Toddler Eat, Teacup Shih Tzu For Sale In Georgia, Articles W